Student's Post 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Understudy's Post 3 - Research Paper Example Jessica needs to comprehend the authority rehearses Mary represents, and above all her administration style. On a similar note, Mary needs to comprehend the stuff to be a viable, proficient, and fruitful pioneer. Jessica’s capability isn't being referred to having tied down a situation to head the division. Her own and expert intensity is relied upon to direct her in dealing with her area of expertise. Somewhat, this desire can clarify Mary’s response. Be that as it may, this isn't legitimate. The authoritative workforce needs to take part in shared endeavors with everyone on board to improve the acknowledgment of hierarchical objectives and targets (DuBrin, 2013). The best way to deal with the Mary-Jessica issue is vote based style of administration. This style permits senior officials, junior officials, and workers to take part in dynamic and issue goals forms, however the last say rests with leader of the teaming up gathering. On a similar note, a smoothed out way to deal with correspondence, cooperation, and relations is

Zheng's Contribution to World Regional Geography Research Paper

Zheng's Contribution to World Regional Geography - Research Paper Example Presentation Zheng He (1371-1435) may not be too known, at any rate in the west, as different wayfarers of medieval occasions, for example, Magellan and Columbus, despite the fact that he was before and secured a bigger territory. As indicated by Bishop et al (2004, page 21) he was emasculated while youthful and taken from his home to the Beijing castle. Anyway as per Israeli ( 2001) the chief of naval operations had just chosen as a youngster, in the wake of hearing stories from his dad, that he would traverse the oceans and arrive at Mecca, the strict focal point of Islam. So as to do this anyway he lost home, family, his ethnicity and even his acquired religion of Islam. They refer to the legend that even his name was developed. Foundation Working during what Iwabuchi et al allude ( 2004, page 129) to ‘ the sweeping time of the Ming dynasty’ in spite of the fact that not generally known, Zheng He is still recollected. In 2004 there were festivities to check the 6ooth year since his first journey, despite the fact that Jin Wu, a recognized maritime researcher, concedes that the writing on his revelations is slim on the ground. As per Gunde ( 2004), after requests given by the then ruler Yongle, and later by his replacement, Xuande. Sprout ( 2010) claims that the ruler knew that:- The deluge of remote products and money would help swell his stash, and, by upgrading his regard abroad would help brace his case to the throne.’. Zheng He, an eunuch in the supreme assistance, drove seven exploratory campaigns, starting in 1405 and the last setting out in 1430. The head requested the primary journey when he consented to the seat and they stopped when he kicked the bucket. Or maybe peculiarly maybe Finlay says that it is highly unlikely in which Zheng He could be viewed as an adventurer, yet simply as a military man following up in the interest of a battle ready ruler. ( Finlay 2000, page 295) Finlay proceeds to depict the contention with respect to the drawn out estimation of the journeys ( Finlay 2000, page 296) portraying how Needham had seen Zheng He as researcher driving an insightful endeavor, as opposed to the forcefully colonizing men who tailed him out into obscure oceans throughout the following two centuries. He additionally refers to Janet Abu-Lughod who announced that students of history trust it is difficult to tackle the enigma of why Zheng He’s journeys neglected to lead on to world strength for China. Additionally cited is William McNeill who in 1998 said that â€Å"Chinese pilots may well have adjusted Africa and found Europe before Prince Henry the Navigator passed on (in 1460). Yet, much the same as Columbus who came later Zheng He :- regularly didn't generally even know where he was, accepted that India was focused in the Middle East and that Christianity and Islam just as Buddhism began there. ( Bloom 2010) His motivations and accomplishments. At the point when the Han Chinese individuals ousted the Mongol trespassers and made the Ming Dynasty late in the14th Century, as portrayed by Bloom ( 2010) they acquired the effectively settled armada of boats, just as a wide spread system of exchange courses. The journeys of Zheng He based on these. The campaigns set out west from China, the principal journey coming to Sri Lanka, ( Maritime Lanka, undated) and later his boats went the extent that the Cape of Good Hope on the southernmost tip of South Africa, building , at any rate for a period, an exchanging domain without colonialism, despite the fact that Finlay ( 2000, page 294) , says that shippers were less essential to the undertakings than the space experts and geomancers for example the individuals who estimated the earth, just as specialists and naturalists looking for new pharmacological helpful materials. The sailors had two purposes †to let the world see the wonders of the Ming tradition, and furthermore to empower the sovereign to gather

Fresh Ink New Books Out Today February 5, 2013

Fresh Ink New Books Out Today February 5, 2013 How  Literature Saved My Life by David Shields (Knopf) The thing about David Shields is that you either love his  books, or you hate them. I really dont know anyone who falls in the middle. Im going to refrain from offering my opinion here, partially  because this column is dedicated to telling you whats out there so you can find out for yourself and partially  because I havent read this one yet. The jacket copy promises an exploration of how  literature can make life survivable, maybe even endurable, and if nothing else, thats a sentiment I can get behind. Who among hasnt thought at some point or other that  books saved our lives? Shields mixes  literary criticism with memoir and personal essay here. If that sounds like something youd be into, why not try it out and report back?           Literary Rogues: A Scandalous History of Wayward  Authors by Andrew Shaffer (Harper Perennial)   Before Andrew Shaffer got famous for writing a 50 Shades of Grey parody, he published a book about the love lives of philosophers. It was quippy and witty and well-researched, a delight to read and filled with facts perfect for showing off at cocktail parties. Im pleased to see Shaffer return to form with  Literary Rogues, a look at the icons and iconoclasts of  literature we love, hate, and love to hate. Ive been dipping in and out of this onecomprised of essays, interviews, and investigation, its great one bite at a time, though hardcore trivia nerds will likely devour it whole. If youre not afraid to learn the less-than-desirable bits of your  favorite authors histories, you cant go wrong here. The Love Song of Jonny Valentine by Teddy Wayne (Free Press)   Imagine Justin Bieber as a remarkably self-aware, image-conscious, music industry jargon-slinging, second-tier pre-teen pop star, and youll have Jonny Valentine, the protagonist and narrator of Teddy Waynes latest. Trapped by a mother who is living vicariously through him and fans who freak out any time he makes the slightest change, Jonny lives in the tension between who he really is and who everyone else wants him to be. They want bubblegum and smiles and perfectly executed dance moves; all he wants is to play video games and be treated like one of the cool kids, and for his long-practiced efforts at self-stimulation to finally pay off. (Spoiler: they do, and its hilarious. Mayonnaise is involved.) As if adolescence isnt awkward and awful enough, Jonny struggles through his in the public eye as he faces the unfortunate realization that hes never going to be number one. Hes both a product and critic of popular culture, and his is one of the best, funniest, and most original voices Ive read in a long time. This is one not to be missed. Highly recommended.         Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

A Research Study On Unintended Pregnancy - 1772 Words

Literature Review Unintended pregnancy is a great concern in the U.S. with â€Å"half of all pregnancies are unintended and unintended pregnancy†¦.(is) highly concentrated among low-income women† (Frost, J.J., Sonfield, A., Zolna, M.R., Finer, L.B., 2014). The goal of family planning services is to help reduce that number, and also reduce the economic and health risks associated with unplanned pregnancy. The benefits of family planning services provided by the government are the preventative health services that are provided, and the cost savings from the reduction of birth related costs. Better Programs, Better Outcomes One key way to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies is through the implementation of comprehensive family planning programs, and increasing access to these services. The research conducted for this study compared rates of unintended pregnancy in similar countries and focused on how contraceptive and family planning care differed in those countries. Bongaarts (2014) researched how family planning programs can improve the care of patients whose reproductive health needs were not being me. Bongaarts explains that programs reduce unmet family planning needs by â€Å"reducing obstacles to use and by providing access to contraceptive methods and services†¦. (thus) producing a rise in the demand for contraception†¦.†. The author goes on to explain that the implementation of family planning programs, and the increase â€Å" modern contraceptives†Show MoreRelatedUnintended Pregnancy : An American Epidemic Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesUnintended Pregnancy: An American Epidemic This year in America, over one million teens will become pregnant. More than 80% of these pregnancies will be unintended (North Carolina PRAMS 2009). Unintended pregnancy is commonly defined as â€Å"a pregnancy that is reported to have been either unwanted (that is, the pregnancy occurred when no children, or no more children, were desired) or mistimed (that is, the pregnancy occurred earlier than desired)† (CDC 2015). Though some teen pregnancies are intentionalRead MoreAnalysis Of Jodhpur Girl Moves Petition And Annul Child Marriage991 Words   |  4 Pagesannul child marriages, and it has been the first to annul a child marriage in India. It is important in further research because of its heavy involvement in the discouragement and annulment of child marriages. The panchayat is a system of local village council in India, and to the community that it serves, it s word comes before federal law. It is an important keyword for further research because it seems that pressure f rom the panchayat is a lead cause of child marriage as well as a threat to discourageRead MoreThe Argument Of Teen Pregnancy813 Words   |  4 PagesFor some time now, teen pregnancies have become an intense and emotional debate in America. The argument of teen pregnancy has been disputed in households across America, discussed on social media sites like Facebook, debated by many of our most powerful political leaders, and analyzed by researchers. Furthermore, pregnant teens are being judged regularly by political groups/movements, the ultra-religious groups, and ordinary Americans. The highly publicized debate has even compelled networks suchRead MoreCommunity Assessment Results And Analysis1093 Words   |  5 Pagesto a study done by the University of Vermont, $300 million was spent in recreation and entertainment statewide in 2013 (Jones, 2015) with the majority of the money in Burlington. Although Bennington is a small county, funds should be allotted here to address preventa tive issues in this area. By implementing more resources and activities for teens it can significantly decrease obesity rates, unintended pregnancy rates, teen drug and alcohol use, and teen crime rates. Because of the unintended pregnancyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreSince The Rate Of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancies Has Been1676 Words   |  7 PagesSince the rate of unwanted teenage pregnancies has been steadily decreasing over the past forty years (Patten, 2016), many young women will not be faced with the difficult challenges and life-altering decisions that a pregnant teen is presented with. However, of those teenage women who do face the burden of an unforeseen pregnancy, many come to realize how simple preventative measures could have saved them from having to deal with the social, financial, and psychological difficulties caused by anRead MoreReproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Female Adolescent1571 W ords   |  7 PagesADOLESCENT {13-19} IN SOME COMMUNITIES IN OSHODI-LAGOS BY Eboh theresa TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Research Question 1.3 General aim of study 1.4 Objective of study 1.5 Justification of study 1.6 Study of study 1.7 Scope and limitation of study 1.8 Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO :LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.0 Introduction 2.1Reproductive health 2.3 Sexual and reproductiveRead MorePublic Health Nurses : The Leading Cause Of Death Among Girls Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesComplications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls ages 15-19 in LMIC’s (Morris Rushwan, 2015). The primary reason for these preventable death-causing complications is that teenagers are not properly supplied with contraceptives. Due to these unplanned and unwanted pregnancies approximately 4.5 million teenage girls undergo an abortion each year, with an estimated 3 million of them being performed unsafely (Morris Rushwan, 2015). Some detrimental complicationsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Prevention : One Of The Most Controversial Subjects875 Words   |  4 Pages9, 2017 Preventing Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy prevention is one of the most controversial subjects in today’s society. Many will argue that peer pressure and the area you live in are contributing factors to most adolescent pregnancies. No matter what geographic location you reside in, the problem is usually in the home, in the school system, and the cost of contraception and the barriers in obtaining it. The biggest predicament regarding the issue of adolescent pregnancy is the question of preventionRead MoreReproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Adolescents1563 Words   |  7 PagesSELECTED COMMUNITIES IN BADAGRY, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA BY Eboh theresa TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT CHAPTER ONE:BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2 Research Question 1.3 General aim of study 1.4 Objective of study 1.5 Justification of study 1.6 Study of study 1.7 Scope and limitation of study 1.8 Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.0 Introduction 2.1Reproductive health 2.3 Sexual and reproductive health

The Reform Of The Western Church - 888 Words

Three main basic challenges existed in Europe, leading to the need for reform of the Western church: moral failings of the church – across all levels of leadership, uncertainty toward theology and knowledge as Byzantine influence worked its way westward, and political and economic contentions between the church, secular structures of power, and the people. Along with the need for reform came ripeness for change in the form of the printing press, movement away from Latin to national languages, growing unrest of the peasantry, and the demise of the feudal system. Corruption in the church ranged from the papacy to the local priests. The Great Schism weakened the papacy, and councils fought each other. Monastic discipline and scholastic excellence declined into lax rigor. Local priests were uneducated and positions of leadership bought by nobility for illegitimate children (Gonzà ¡lez, 7-8). Europe’s people were polarized between trusting the church as they had for centur ies and mourning their growing lack of trust as the church’s immorality spread. Byzantine thinkers and scholars had flooded Western Europe after Constantinople’s fall, alerting the Western church to just how far their religious scholarship had strayed from the original texts. The Greek language resurged and questions of theological â€Å"rightness† surfaced; a movement to return to study of scripture emerged (Gonzà ¡lez, 9). Ancient disciplines of science and reason also re-emerged, alongside the development of theShow MoreRelatedPeter I ( The Great ) Became Tsar Of Russia1169 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive reforms designed to modernize and develop Russia during his reign. In The Revolution of Peter the Great, James Cracraft’s portrays the Tsar as an ambitious and pivotal leader that sought to create a modern and powerful nation that could compete with other European Powers. Peter planned to reform Russian government by establishing new bureaucrat ic, civil, and educational institutions within the state. Peter also promoted reforms for Russian traditions, society, and the church. Cracraft contendsRead MoreFault in Our Tsars1035 Words   |  4 PagesThe reign of Peter the Great saw Russia evolving from a medieval state into a modern, western state. Peter’s reforms, domestic policies, and foreign policies allowed for Russia to become a legitimate competitor in the global world and to become a power in Eastern Europe. Peter’s reign had a positive, forward effect on the Russian land. Before we acknowledge Peter’s triumphant reign, it is important that we look at the years before he ascended the throne. 1682 had Peter and his half brotherRead MorePeter I ( The Great ) Became Tsar Of Russia1184 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive reforms designed to modernize and develop Russia during his reign. In The Revolution of Peter the Great, James Cracraft’s portrays the Tsar as an ambitious and pivotal leader who sought to create a modern and powerful nation that rivalled those in Western European. Peter desired to reform Russian government by establishing new bureaucratic, civil, and educational institutions within the state. Peter also promoted change for Russian traditions, society, and the church. Cracraft arguesRead MoreChhi 301 Papacy Paper1697 Words   |  7 PagesRAMIFICATIONS OF THE PAPACY’S POWER IN ROME Church History 301 April 20, 2014    Ramifications of the Papacy’s Power in Rome The papacy – the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church - gained great power from the sixth through eighth centuries, and there are several reasons for this surge in influence. Starting around 590, Pope Gregory I sought to convert Teutonic invaders to Christianity. Islam was also in play, as it had taken over most of Asia and Africa. According toRead MoreEssay on Militirization and Modernization in Petrine Russia1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe product of broad, deliberate reform, accredited to the reign of Peter the Great (1694-1725), which ushered in European art, literature, philosophy, and ideas of political organization and administration. Willingly accepted or not, large-scale government intervention was evident in almost all aspects of life; the Petrine reforms were therefore extensive and multi-faceted. Nevertheless, we can gain important insights by focusing on particular aspects of reform, which, for the purpose of this essayRead MoreThe Christian Ch urch in the Middle Ages Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Christian Church in the Middle Ages The Christian Church in the Middle Ages played a significant role in society. Unfortunately though, the church is often regarded as the capital of corruption, evil, and worldliness. Today, so many people depict the medieval church as being led by materialistic popes, devouring tithes from poverty-stricken peasants, having various illegitimate children, and granting indulgences for money from wayward believers. Yes, circumstances like this may have beenRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church996 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the Churchâ€⠄¢s rules and the abuses of the Catholic Church continuedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Church1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rise of the Church in Rome it is imperative to recall that the center of the Christianity had been destroyed in AD 70, when the army of Titus destroyed Jerusalem. Looking for leadership, the Christians would have immediately sought out those in Rome as it was the center of power and capitol of the Empire. In the first and second centuries, all roads did indeed lead to Rome. The second reason that Christians looked to Rome for leadership is because they believed that the church would come fromRead MoreThe Reign Of The Holy Roman Empire1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of the Catholic Church set up a precedent for very strong relations between the Holy Roman Emperor and the papacy. During the eleventh century, with the Holy Roman Emperor ruled by Henry IV, relations with the papacy came to a front over several disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. T heir arguments mainly focused on the power that each institution should hold. Gregory felt that the papacy should play a larger political role in the western church and that lay investiture wasRead MoreReformation Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesReformation In the first half of the sixteenth century Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic, political changes as the result of a conflict within the Catholic church. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation. The Reformation began when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five theses against the indulgences of the Church. These indulgences included if you did a good dead, this reduced the amount

1984 †Technology in Todays Soceity Free Essays

Not many people are fans of being excessively supervised and observed. From an 11 year old boy being observed in the park by his grandparents, to a student sitting in class being observed by the teacher during examination. Knowing that you are constantly under surveillance can be very intimidating. We will write a custom essay sample on 1984 – Technology in Todays Soceity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Right through history, the intensity of government regulations have altered from low down to sky-scraping. The novel 1984, written by George Orwell consistent of a very dictatorial government. In this fictional commentary novel, George Orwell predicts the future where technology and the power given to the government will reduce privacy in everyone’s day to day life. Today’s society is majorly impacted by the rapid development of technology; in the novel George Orwell had used technology as an example of lack of privacy. To begin with, our advanced technology has reached such an extent that it is very straightforward for the government to figure out everything about us from our past including, our previous vacation, were we live, where we attended school or even last time we made a purchase through our debit or credit. To gain access into a person’s life the government has issued every citizen a social insurance number, this card contains a person’s entire record of everything that they have done in the country. This is related to what George Orwell had expressed in his novel, the government in the novel is being referred to the big brother. In the novel the big brother kept watch over every step that was done by the humans, there was even a sign which said â€Å"big brother is watching you,† this is the same as our government now since most things we do are being watched or even listened to. Another example of this would be the use of telescreens in the novel. The telescreens previewed everybody’s room in the building; therefore if any movement or discussion going on will not be private, â€Å"Any sound Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it†. This is now similar to today’s surveillance cameras; although this novel was written in 1948 the first surveillance camera had been invented in 1965. Since then the world had become more advanced than ever before. Cameras are now put up almost everywhere in; business offices, convenience store, apartment buildings, intersections, even all age schools. In the novel the author essentially points out that the future will hold no privacy and telescreens. phone calls, emails, texting are examples of telescreens since they can be accessed by the government authorities anytime. In conclusion, the novel 1984, is a fiction although what George Orwell tried illustrating was us humans are going head over heel with technology which is giving the government power. Some events that occurred in his novel have actually accrued and while he was writing this novel it was all a prediction for the future because some things he mentioned did not exist in that time period. How to cite 1984 – Technology in Todays Soceity, Essay examples

Culture Aspect in Safety Management Systems

Question: Describe about the Culture for Aspect in Safety Management Systems. Answer: Introduction to safety culture In the organizational context, culture simply means the normal way of doing things around. It includes the employees values, beliefs, practices and their attitude. Every successful organization has standard methods used by its employees in the realization of the organizational goals. These methods become normal over time making them the organizations culture. Safety on the other hand is a state of feeling whereby potential causes of harm to employees or products are maintained at acceptable levels. It is worth noting that these potential causes cannot be completely removed. Although from the two definitions safety culture would simply mean normal way of doing things in a manner that reduces the risks of injuries, there is no generally accepted meaning. The term first gained prominence when it was used in the report of Chernobyl nuclear accident[1]. Since then different industry professionals and academia have come up with different meanings. According to the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority, it is a combination of perceptions, values, norms, attitudes, and behavioral patterns within an organization concerned with the reduction of the employees exposure to risky and hazardous conditions. Work related injuries have brought enourmous costs to different organisations. There has therefore been efforts by different industry players to reduce workplace risks. For instance the government has formulated laws and many companies have come up with health and safety policies for their employees. While all these efforts are important they cannot assure safety. There is need for companies to establish a safety culture where employees are well trained to understand the hazards and risks involved in their work and continuously strive to identify and overcome them[2]. Advantages of a positive safety culture in an organization Positive safety culture has many benefits to both the organization and its employees. The management and the workforce interact freely in trying to identify and mitigating risks. This is because they all feel responsible for safety[3]. They include: Low employee turnover. Employee turnover is the rate at which employees leave their current employment. Positive safety culture gives employees a sense of security in the workplace therefore no need of finding another employment. Increased productivity. Positive safety culture encourages employees to be responsible for safety. Employees feel free to discuss safety issues with management. This makes them feel valued and further motivates the m to increase their productivity. It also reduces absenteeism due to injuries which lead to reduced working time. Reduced incident rates. Incidences of injuries to employees and general public are costly to organizations in many ways. The organization incurs legal fees, increased insurance premium, medical expenses and the costs of compensation. As Knapfel puts it For every dollar invested towards safety and risk management saves approximately $3 in claims and overheads according to industry experts. Improved public image. Strong safety culture reduces incidents of injuries to the employees and the general public. In the aviation industry, customers like the companies with lower injury incidents. It also brings an image of valued and protected employees. Customers generally like dealing with organizations that value their employees. Key elements of a positive safety culture. There is no single safety culture model that fits into all organizations because it changes over time[4]. But a strong effective safety culture posses the following hallmarks. Visible management commitment and involvement. Senior management should show commitment by providing motivation, leadership and necessary resources to employees[5]. Management should also constantly review their areas of responsibility and ensure due processes are observed. High level communication of the safety culture. Clear ways of communication between different levels of the organization should be adopted. Communication can be through informal conversations, emails, toolbox talks, posters, health and safety policy statements or any other clear method the organization choose to adopt[6]. Commitment to safety being equal to commitment to productivity. More commitment should be shown towards safety just as productivity. This is because as already discussed, safety of the employees and the public greatly influence the productivity of an organization. Stability of the workforce. A stable and mature workforce is an indicator of positive safety culture. Employees tend to stay longer where they feel they are safe. Regular health and safety trainings and awareness programs. Employees should be made aware of the risks they face as a result of the organizations operations[7]. Regular training on health and safety matters will help raise their awareness. Different risks come up every day. Regular effective trainings will therefore help them cope with any event. Existence and compliance with formal health and safety policies and procedures. Written procedures should be helpful in reducing risks. They should therefore be complied with and audited regularly to identify any lapses and for continual improvement. Personal responsibility and accountability to safety. Everyone within the organization should feel responsible for their safety and that of other employees[8]. They should also be accountable for their safety actions. However, just culture where human errors are understood should also exist. Involvement and motivation of the workforce. The employees should be involved in the formulation of safety procedures. Feedback should be taken from employees regarding the existing ones and necessary action taken. Employees should be motivated in order to feel proud of working in the organization Organizational learning. The organization should show willingness to adapt by using accident history as a learning experience. Reported incidents should be acted upon to help prevent future reoccurrence. Challenges faced in the development of a safety culture Implementation of a positive safety culture within an organization may face several challenges both internal and external. They include: Uncommitted management. Management may continually make decisions that appear to put productivity and cost above safety. Some managers fail to see the many indirect benefits a safety culture brings to an organization therefore will only concentrate on productivity [9]. Insufficient resources. Many small organizations dont have enough resources to promote safety culture. Implementation of safety practices requires significant resources for training and awareness. Due to their limited resources they give priority to productivity. Rapidly changing workforce. In this era of globalization and increased competition, organizations regularly poach experienced employees from their competitors. The cost of training the replacements of the poached workforce on safety matters may seem too costly to the organization. Resistance to change by the employees[10]. Health and safety management is an ever changing topic as new risks arise every day. Creation of a strong and sustainable safety culture is therefore a continuous process. If any employee is not committed then the program may fail. Lack of employees motivation. Employees who do not feel appreciated as a result of the management over focusing on productivity lose motivation. Unmotivated employees fail to embrace the safety culture. Assessing safety culture As already seen, safety culture is very important in that in greatly determines the success of any organization through risk management. Safety culture assessment therefore involves the establishment of the current level of safety culture within an organization and formulating ways of making improvements. Information is acquired through the use of questionnaires, interviews, charts and surveys. Questions used in the assessment should be a combination of both positive and negative and should avoid biased. A repeat of safety culture assessment should only be conducted once action has been taken regarding findings of the previous one[11]. Safety culture models Several models of safety culture have been developed over the years. However the major ones are: Accident causation models. It illustrates that continuous breach successive system defenses eventually cause accident. Such breaches may not be discovered at the time but can eventually be triggered by other factors to cause an accident. Safety triad models. It focuses on the resulting interaction between individuals perceptions, behavior and the general safety culture environment. Component models. It involves in-depth explanation of the various components of a safety culture. Safety culture maturity models. Describes the movement through various stages of safety culture as opposed to its components. It concentrates more on the development of the safety culture which occurs over time. Integrating safety culture into management systems. There are a number of management systems focusing on workplace safety. Integrating all these systems reduces duplication as most of them share the same implementation process. Some of the safety management systems include: OHSAS 18001:2007-Occupational Health and Safety Management. It is an international standard that was developed to provide a framework through which organizations health and safety systems could be verified. Over the last few years it has been integrated with the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management Systems and ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. It uses PDCA to enable organizations establish, implement and maintain their occupational health and safety policies. This involves planning by establishing the required processes and objectives, doing by implementing the system, checking by monitoring and evaluating against the requirements and acting to continually improve it. Advantages of an effective OHSAS management system Reduce costs and liabilities thereby increasing profits. Increases levels of trust between management and employees. Creates a platform for continuous improvement. Provides a clear approach in dealing with health and safety issues within the organization. AS/NZS 4801:2001 It was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee SF-001, Occupational Health and Safety Management to supersede both AS 4801:2000, Occupational health and safety management systems and NZS 4801(Int):1999, Occupational health and safety management systems. It combines the best elements of both systemss being used in Australia and New Zealand. ISO 45001 This is a new standard that is expected out in October 2016. The standard uses BS 18001 as a blueprint and is expected to be aligned with the Quality Management Systems and the Environmental Management Systems. This is an attempt to integrate the 3 systems. Maintenance and improvement of safety culture. Safety culture is an ongoing process that should never strop[12]. The following are ways in which it can be improved: Obtaining of the top managements commitment. Make the top management understand the importance of a safety culture within the organization because they are the ones responsible for availing funds. Continuous assessment of the existing culture. The existing culture should be regularly assessed and the findings communicated. This will ensure continuous improvement. Improve communication mechanisms. Communication is vital for the success of any program within the organization. Encourage two- way open communication whereby employees input is also sought in the development of a safety system. Create a common understanding of safety goals. Everyone needs to understand their role in the achievement of the safety culture and work towards it. Top management needs to provide leadership in working toward the attainment of the goals. From the discussion, culture is thus an essential element of any safety management system. It plays an important role in the success of an organization and it can actually be measured using different assessment criteria[13]. An organization may adopt a safety management system which may only serve to assure the public of its commitment to adhere to health and safety requirements. However, the internal employees may find it too technical due to the processes involved like documentation. Safety procedures therefore need to be engraved into their daily activities until it become normal and translates into a culture within the organization. Safety culture develops over time and it may take long before employees view it as a norm. Safety culture cannot also be uniform across all organizations. Some organizations are too large while others are small. Some sub cultures may develop within the bigger organizations.